Ironically enough, I found your website by looking up that silly Cabbage Soup Diet. After reading what many doctors and health workers had to say about it, I've found. What are the possible side effects of orlistat (alli, Xenical)? Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty. The American Heart Association explains how excess sodium in the diet can lead to high blood pressure and how the average American diet gets almost twice as much. The Etiology and Treatment of Obesity by Deirdra Price, Ph. D. LEARNING OBJECTIVESThis is a beginning to intermediate level. After completing this course, mental health professionals will be able. Diagnose. psychiatric conditions associated with weight problems. Describe. the medical complications associated with obesity. Promote. prevention and early intervention strategies. Debunk. the dieting myth. Plan. a course of treatment, establish realistic goals, and chart a patient's. The materials in this course are based on the most accurate information available to the author at the time of writing. The field of eating disorders grows daily and new information may emerge that supersedes these course materials. This course material will equip clinicians with a basic understanding of the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of eating disorders. OUTLINEIntroduction. Etiology. Incidence. Definitions. Nature Versus Nurture Controversy. Biogenetic Factors. Sociocultural Factors. The Food Industry. Office of medical history amedd regiment amedd museum : history of the office of medical history. DEFINITIONS. The National Institutes of Health (2013) provides definitions for overweight and obesity along with how both are measured. Overweight is defined as a. For reasons I’m still struggling to understand, the idea of “nutritional ketosis” (NK, to be distinguished from starvation ketosis, SK or diabetic ketoacidosis. TYPE 2 DIABETES OVERVIEW. Diet and physical activity are critically important in the management of the ABCs (A1C, Blood pressure, and Cholesterol) of type 2 diabetes. The Toxic Food Environment. What We Really Eat. Food Addiction. Hunger and Food Insecurity. Familial Factors. Intrapsychic Factors. Psychiatric Conditions. Mood Disorders. Major Depression. Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health and. Click on the nutrition topic hypoglycemia which is listed in a column on the left side of Ask the Dietitian's main page. Then using your browser's find feature. Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Medical Conditions and Mood Disorders. Binge- Eating Disorder. Medical Complications. Overview of Medical Conditions. Major Diseases. Prevention and Early Intervention. Prevention. Early Intervention. The Dieting Myth. The Diet Industry. Snack and Fast Food Industries. Why Diets Fail. Popular Diet Plans. The Real Skinny. Treatment Options. Lifestyle Changes. Method of Choice. Treatment Format. Dietary Changes. Exercise. Compliance. Psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Options. Treatment Goals. Holistic Treatment Approach. Medical. Bariatric Surgery. Liposuction. Psychopharmacological. Prescription Medication Categories. Over- the- Counter Diet Pills. Resources. References. INTRODUCTIONWelcome to Weight Matters: The Etiology. Treatment of Obesity. This course will help you gain a working. The course focuses primarily on the range of factors that. Case studies will highlight the different aspects of. Prerequisite: Feast or Famine: The Etiology and Treatment of Eating Disorderscourse which includes etiology, diagnostic criteria, comprehensive treatment. It is highly recommended. You. can review Feast or Famine: The Etiology and Treatment of Eating Disorders at any time if you have questions about the general treatment of eating disorders. ETIOLOGYINCIDENCEHere is some food for thought: About 3. About 2. 4. 9% children and youth, ages. Nearly 7. 0% of cardiovascular disease cases are related to obesity. Obesity doubles the chances of developing high blood pressure An estimated 7. Obesity increases the death rate from cancer by 5. On average, obese individuals pay $1. Annual number of deaths attributed to obesity is 1. Sources: National Institutes of Health, 2. Healthier. Generation. Ethnicity: Compared with white Americans, overweight and obesity. African American and Hispanic Americans. Asian Americans. have a low prevalence of obesity. Women and persons of low socioeconomic status. Cultural factors related to dietary. Listed below are comparative statistics regarding the prevalence of obesity among three adult racial. National Institutes of Health, 2. Racial/Ethnic Group. Women. Men. White (non- Hispanic)3. Black (non- Hispanic)4. Mexican American. DEFINITIONSThe National Institutes of Health (2. Overweight is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 2. BMI correlates with. Therefore, people, such as. BMI that identifies them as overweight even though they. Obesityis defined as having excess body fat with a BMI. Body Mass Index (BMI) is the most commonly used method to measure. The BMI is a calculation based on a ratio of body weight to height. BMI does not directly measure percent of body. BMI formula: Multiply weight in pounds by 7. Divide that result by height in inches a second time. You can automatically calculate a BMI on the following website: National Institutes. Health Body Mass Index. BMI weight categories (National Institutes of Health, 2. Underweight: BMI < 1. Normal weight: BMI = 1. Overweight: BMI = 2. Obese: BMI > 3. Extreme Obesity: BMI > 4. Weight Percentages is another method to calculate overweight or obesity. The. Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Weight Table is often utilized for this. See Metropolitan. Life Insurance Company Weight Table for the Met Life Weight Tables. Weight. falls in one of four categories depending on how much above normal an. Overweight. = 1. 0%- 2. Mild. obesity = 2. Moderate. obesity = 4. Severe. obesity = 1. This kind of information does not measure. Muscle mass is not accounted for and muscle weighs 2. One person can be normal weight but have high blood pressure, cancer. Another person who is overweight can also be physically fit. Body Fat Distribution matters. Where fat collects on the body affects the. Pear- Shaped: Women typically have what is called a “pear” shape meaning that. Apple- Shaped: Men usually build up fat around their bellies, creating the shape of. This does not mean that either gender can’t. If an individual carries fat. National Institutes of Health, 2. An apple- shaped person and a pear- shaped. This is because “visceral fat” around the abdomen. Underwood and Adler, 2. Women with. a waist measurement of more than 3. National Institutes of Health. Hormone replacement therapy may prevent increase in abdominal fat in. Cartwright, 2. 00. NATURE VERSUS NURTURE CONTROVERSYPeople with weight problems have been. However, the issue is more complicated than that. Biogenetic. sociocultural, familial, and intrapsychic factors all work together to create. Being overweight and obese results from an energy imbalance. Genetics and environment work in tandem. The environment in. It is. as if genetics are the ammunition in a gun and the environment either pulls the. Genetics and environment (societal and familial). BIOGENETIC FACTORSResearchers have found genetic and. HUMAN EVOLUTIONObesity is a condition of the modern age. The human body is biologically wired to live with food scarcity. The sugar content. Then 2. 5 million years ago. Wild game was low in fat, around 4% (compared with 3. Life was also strenuous. Humans walked, chased, were chased. Lemonick, 2. 00. 4). A low- fat/high- fiber diet and intense. Weight increased once humans domesticated. Widespread access to all kinds of foods, including. When the technology of the. To this day, the body conserves excess calories in the event of a. GENETICSBody and Brain: The hypothalamus is crucial in the central regulation. There is growing consensus that the expression of. Researchers identified a. Magnati. and Dei Cas, 2. The body has short- term and long- term food. In the short- term, receptors in various parts of. CCK, bombesin, neurotensin, and glucagons- like peptides. Long- term regulation occurs from signals. Pi- Sunyer, 1. 99. Research Findings: Scientists are looking for “an obesity gene.” There. Nor do researchers know what percentage of individuals has. Clearly, the rapid increase in the. Leibel, 1. 99. 7). Without a. condition in which food is so abundant and movement is lacking, these genes may. Research suggests that: In. Leibel. nuclear families, the heritability ranges from 1. Bray, 1. 99. 7) Between. Pi- Sunyer, 1. 99. From a biological perspective, obesity is a. This. dysregulation is informed by genetic differences between the obese and the. Leibel, 1. 99. 7). Below are various investigations into the biogenetic. Prohormone Convertase 1 (PC1): Research suggests that a mutation in this. It is. suspected that appetite is stimulated, so food intake increases at the same. Leibel, 1. 99. 7). Leptin: This peptide is produced in adipose tissue, secreted into the blood. In this way, leptin. Research suggests that plasma leptin levels correlate well. The higher the levels, the fatter a. Pi- Sunyer, 1. 99. Excess amounts of leptin increase food intake and. Bray, 1. 99. 7). There is no. More studies are needed to clarify leptin’s role in. Pi- Sunyer, 1. 99. Melanocortin 4: This receptor gene has been linked to obesity. One. study focused on this gene’s role in binge eating behavior. This gene makes a. If the gene is mutated, too little protein is. Of the 4. 69 severely obese. Just 5% of the total group had the mutated. All members of this subgroup were binge eaters, compared with 1. Branson et al., 2. Prader- Willi Syndrome: This syndrome affects one in 1. These children are born constantly hungry and are unable to feel. This disease is caused by. Chromosome 1. 5, which adversely affects the. These children may fail to grow and. They will also have a certain facial structure, disruptive. The primary treatment. Food and Drug Administration is injections of the growth. The Prader- Willi Syndrome Association has created a. Behavior modification and increased. Brody, 2. 00. 2). Metabolic Predictors: There are three predictors of weight gain: resting. Elevated. Respiratory Quotient (RQ): Individuals with higher RQ’s were more. Their bodies oxidized more carbohydrates and. Insulin. Sensitivity: Individuals with the greatest sensitivity gained weight. This. process is aided by high levels of lipoprotein lipase (in adipose tissue). As the. person gains weight and fat, fat and muscle cells become more insulin. Interestingly, the Pima Indians who reside. Mexico do not have obesity problems. Their diet of beans, corn, and rice. Cartwright, 2. 00. Man- Made Chemicals: A variety of chemicals found in everyday products. Based on research. Grun and Blumberg, they propose an environmental obesogen hypothesis. These chemicals include bisphenol. A (a plastic strengthener found in baby bottles, sippy cups, juice bottles. CD's, DVD's, and resin lining of food and beverage containers), phthalates (a. IV bags, fragrances, body lotions, nail polishes, and shampoos), organotins. These create a metabolic. Grun, F and Blumberg, B., 2. Brain Chemistry and Food: Food alters the brain’s neurochemical. Carbohydrate. ingestion increases the brain’s uptake of tryptophan, the amino acid precursor.
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